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US humanoid supply chain

Agility combines its dedicated RoboFab factory with about 75% US parts sourcing. Figure and 1X manufacture critical modules internally, while Apptronik uses Jabil’s global contract-manufacturing network. New US magnet plants address a materials chain still concentrated in China.

Robot production & industrialisation

Domestic sourcing

Agility sources about 75% of Digit parts in the US

Agility reports sourcing approximately 75% of Digit parts within the United States. Its operating RoboFab factory in Salem, Oregon, is designed for up to 10,000 robots a year. Digit 5 orders cover 1,000 robots under a three-year RaaS contract, with deployment subject to contractual milestones.

Sources

October 2026 presentation; order position as of May 2026. The sourcing share measures parts; factory capacity is a design figure.

Agility · Analyst & Investor Day, slides 11 and 54 · 2026-10-06
Company sourcing disclosure and designed factory capacity

Component details →

Hardware costs

Agility links Digit BOM reductions to production volume

Agility puts the current Digit 4 bill of materials at about $125,000. Its illustrative Digit 5 curve projects roughly $75,000 per robot at 1,000 units a year and $30,000 at 10,000. The planned reductions combine engineering changes, component consolidation, supplier development and higher purchasing and manufacturing volumes.

Sources

Digit 4 is a reported current BOM. Digit 5 values are approximate readings of the projected curve on slide 57.

Agility · Analyst & Investor Day, slides 57–58 · 2026-10-06
Reported BOM and illustrative company cost targets

Component details →

Motors & hands

1X manufactures its tendon-drive motors in-house

In April 2026, 1X reported 17,000 motors manufactured since production began at Hayward. Its automated line winds coils, fabricates stators and assembles tendon-driven actuators for NEO. Its July hand-production update reported hundreds of hands made and capacity for 10,000 in 2026.

Sources

Cumulative motor output reported by 1X in April 2026.

1X · NEO Factory · 2026-04-30
Company-reported production

1X · NEO’s Hands · 2026-07-09
Company-reported output and capacity

Component details →

Robot & module output

Figure reaches 1,000 Figure 03 robots at BotQ

Figure reached 1,000 Figure 03 robots manufactured at BotQ on 23 July 2026, following more than 350 in April. Its battery line completed its 1,000th engineering-validation pack on 11 July. The April factory update reported over 9,000 actuators across more than ten SKUs and a demonstrated robot cycle time of one hour.

Sources

Robot and battery counts are cumulative output. Actuator output and demonstrated cycle time come from the April factory update.

Brett Adcock · 1,000th Figure 03 production milestone · 2026-07-23
Company announcement or operating disclosure

Brett Adcock · 1,000th Figure 03 EVT battery pack · 2026-07-11
Company announcement or operating disclosure

Figure · Figure 03 production ramp · 2026-04-29
Company announcement or operating disclosure

Component details →

Contract manufacturing

Apptronik uses Jabil to manufacture Apollo

Jabil is Apptronik’s worldwide manufacturing partner for Apollo. The collaboration covers procurement, inventory management and production through Jabil’s global manufacturing network. Its pilot also uses Jabil factories to validate Apollo on manufacturing and material-handling tasks, including work on the lines intended to build the robots.

Sources

The announcement describes a global manufacturing partnership and pilot; it specifies neither Apollo annual capacity nor a solely US production footprint.

Jabil · Apollo manufacturing collaboration · 2025-02-25
Company announcement or operating disclosure

Company & events →

Factory training

Boston Dynamics opens Atlas manufacturing-task training centre

Boston Dynamics opened the Robotics Metaplant Application Center inside Hyundai’s manufacturing campus near Savannah, Georgia, in September 2026. Atlas robots train on automotive-parts logistics and sequencing in the operating factory. A move to a larger training facility is planned for 2027.

Sources

RMAC is a training and application centre; the announcement does not assign robot-manufacturing capacity to it.

Boston Dynamics · Robotics Metaplant Application Center · 2026-09-21
Company announcement or operating disclosure

Company & events →

Factory construction

Tesla installs Optimus lines at Fremont

Tesla’s July update reported installation of first-generation Optimus lines at Fremont after decommissioning Model S and X production. Initial robots are intended for Optimus Academy training and data collection. A separate Optimus building was under construction in Texas.

Sources

Factory construction and equipment installation reported in Q2 2026.

Tesla · Q2 2026 update · 2026-07-22
Company quarterly update filed with the SEC

Company & events →

Companies by role

Robot production

Manufacturing & motion

Perception & safety

Magnet production

Component orders & manufacturing

Precision gearing

Harmonic Drive US capacity expansion

Harmonic Drive says its US subsidiary is operating at full production and plans a 50% capacity increase around year-end 2026 into early 2027. Its Beverly, Massachusetts operation serves AI-robot, medical and semiconductor-equipment demand.

Sources

The August briefing schedules investment around year-end 2026 into early 2027. The 50% expansion target applies to the US subsidiary.

Harmonic Drive Systems · Q1 briefing, p. 11 · 2026-08-17
Company-reported capacity plan

Harmonic Drive LLC · US manufacturing location
Manufacturer location page · checked 7 Oct 2026

Component details →

Actuator sourcing

Hyundai Mobis enters humanoid actuator supply with Atlas

Hyundai Mobis announced an agreement to supply actuators for Boston Dynamics’ next-generation Atlas, its first official robotics customer.

Sources

The announcement describes future supply and plans to build manufacturing capability. It discloses no delivered actuator volume, contract value or per-robot allocation. Hyundai’s separate robot-factory capacity plan is not Mobis actuator output.

Hyundai Mobis · Boston Dynamics collaboration · 2026-01-08
Company-reported supply agreement

Component details →

Factory processes

Figure shifts structures toward tooled manufacturing

Figure moved from Figure 02’s CNC-led production to die-casting, injection moulding and stamping for Figure 03, reducing part count and assembly steps.

Sources

Figure discloses no process-level savings, alloy specification or allocation of individual structural parts between internal and external production.

Figure · Introducing Figure 03 · 2025-10-09
OEM manufacturing disclosure

Component details →

Safety supply

Digit safety supply expands beyond onboard control

Agility’s Digit 5 pairs NVIDIA IGX Thor and Halos Core with its safety system. A separate FORT agreement plans a safety pendant, onboard communications and offboard interfaces; earlier Digit versions already embed FORT technology.

Sources

The October MoU outlines future cooperation. Agility expects Digit 5 early access in H1 2027 and general availability by end-2027. These announcements do not establish completed system certification, delivered Digit 5 volumes or safety performance in every application. Halos integration and inspection support a certification process; they do not certify every robot that uses the platform.

Agility / FORT · safety partnership · 2026-10-01
OEM announcement

Agility · Digit 5 architecture and availability · 2026-09-15
OEM announcement

NVIDIA · Halos for Robotics · 2026-06-22
Supplier announcement

Component details →

Perception suppliers

RealSense · robotics adoption and acquisition

RealSense says its technology powers 80% of humanoid robotics and 60% of the global AMR market. Cognex agreed to acquire RealSense for approximately US$500 million in cash, extending its industrial machine-vision business into robotic depth perception. Closing is expected in Q4 2026. RealSense separately targets Q1 2027 shipments of its D585 Pro camera for humanoids and other robotics markets.

Sources

Company claim; the measurement period, denominator and counting method are not disclosed. The announcement is a signed agreement, not confirmation of a completed acquisition. The purchase price excludes separately announced employee retention arrangements. RealSense’s facial-authentication line is to be spun out before closing.

RealSense · CES 2026 outlook · 2026-01
Company claim

Cognex · RealSense acquisition agreement · 2026-09-22
Company-reported definitive acquisition agreement

RealSense · D585 Pro launch and availability · 2026-06-18
Company announcement or operating disclosure

Component details →

Production equipment

Gleason provides both gear-cutting machines and metrology for small robot reducers. Tooth manufacture and inspection are separate stages in the same component route.

Magnet and material investment

Rare-earth permanent magnets provide the rotor field in compact joint motors. Neodymium-based magnets deliver high magnetic strength in a small volume; dysprosium or terbium additions improve resistance to demagnetisation at higher temperatures. Motor production therefore depends on separated oxides, metal and alloy conversion, and finished magnet capacity. The IEA identifies magnet manufacturing and conversion of oxides into metals as major bottlenecks in expanding supply outside China.

Sources

Magnet composition varies by grade; heavy-rare-earth-free grades are also in production.

VAC · humanoid motor materials
Magnet manufacturer technical documentation and IEA supply-chain assessment

VAC · permanent-magnet materials, March 2026
Magnet manufacturer technical documentation and IEA supply-chain assessment

IEA · Rare Earth Elements
Energy agency supply-chain assessment

eVAC commercial magnet production

Sumter, South Carolina · sintered NdFeB magnets

eVAC began commercial magnet production in 2025. Its July 2026 update reports approximately 2,000 metric tonnes/year of nameplate capacity, including sintered magnets for automotive traction motors.

Sources

Commercial production began in 2025; the opening ceremony took place in July 2026. The 2,000 metric tonnes/year figure is plant nameplate capacity.

VAC · Sumter facility opening · 2026-07-16
Company production update

Component market context

MP Materials expands US magnet manufacturing

Fort Worth / Northlake, Texas

MP Materials reported further magnet deliveries for customer qualification at its Independence plant. Construction of its 10X campus in Northlake, Texas, was underway. The campus is planned to bring total company magnet capacity to about 10,000 tonnes a year, with commissioning starting in 2028.

Sources

The 10,000-tonne figure is planned company-wide capacity for finished NdFeB magnets. Independence remained in customer qualification in the August update.

MP Materials · Q2 2026 qualification update · 2026-08-06
Company operating results

MP Materials · 10X site and capacity plan · 2026-02-26
Company investment announcement

Component market context

USA Rare Earth adds metal and magnet capacity

Stillwater, Oklahoma / Blacksburg, South Carolina

USA Rare Earth commissioned its first Stillwater magnet line in March 2026 and retained a 600-metric-tonne annual run-rate target for Q4. It broke ground at Blacksburg in September. That plant targets 6,400 tonnes/year of sintered magnets and 5,000 tonnes/year of strip-cast metal and alloy, with commissioning starting in 2028.

Sources

Stillwater’s 600-tonne run rate and Blacksburg’s capacities are company targets.

USA Rare Earth · Blacksburg groundbreaking · 2026-09-09
Company commissioning and construction announcements

USA Rare Earth · Q2 results · 2026-08-10
Company commissioning and construction announcements

Component market context

Niron rare-earth-free magnet plant

Sartell, Minnesota · iron-nitride magnets

Niron marked structural steel raising in September 2026. The company targets operations in 2027 and up to 1,500 tons of magnets annually at full operation.

Sources

Niron reports planned full-operation capacity in “tons”, without specifying metric or short tons.

Niron Magnetics · Sartell steel-raising update · 2026-09-10
Company construction update

Component market context

Materials, integration and supply dependencies

Rare-earth imports
USGS estimates that net imports supplied 67% of US apparent consumption of rare-earth compounds and metals in 2025. China supplied 71% of imports over 2021–2024, followed by Malaysia at 13%, Japan at 5% and Estonia at 5%. The figures cover material consumption across US industries.
Sources

2025 estimated net import reliance; supplier shares cover imports during 2021–2024. Rare-earth compounds and metals, measured in rare-earth-oxide equivalent.

USGS · Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, rare earths
Government mineral statistics

Processing and feedstock
USA Rare Earth’s supply chain connects US magnet factories with overseas upstream operations. Its September 2026 combination with Serra Verde added the Pela Ema mining and processing operation in Goiás, Brazil. The group also owns UK metal and alloy producer Less Common Metals.
Sources

Completed combination announced September 2026; upstream mining and processing located in Brazil.

USA Rare Earth · Serra Verde combination · 2026-09-04
Company transaction and operations announcement

Recycling and heavy rare earths
USA Rare Earth reported producing dysprosium oxide and neodymium-praseodymium oxide samples from magnet-machining scrap at Wheat Ridge, Colorado, in July 2026. The hydrometallurgical facility is testing three feedstock routes: Round Top ore, third-party mixed rare-earth carbonate and recycled magnet scrap. These processing campaigns support the design of future commercial facilities.
Sources

Qualification samples and demonstration processing campaigns.

USA Rare Earth · Q2 2026 results · 2026-08-10
Company processing update

Magnet manufacturing stages
The IEA puts China’s 2024 share at 60% of magnet rare-earth mining, 91% of refining and 94% of sintered permanent-magnet production. The concentration increases downstream. US expansion now spans several of those steps: oxide processing, metal and alloy production, and finished magnets each require separate production equipment and qualification.
Sources

2024 global shares for magnet rare earths and sintered permanent magnets.

IEA · Rare Earth Elements
Energy agency supply-chain assessment

Gear-making equipment
Gleason’s machinery network spans the US and Europe. The company describes normally building its GP300ES gear shaper in Ludwigsburg, Germany, and assembling a customer’s machine in Rochester, New York, to meet delivery requirements.
Sources

A disclosed machine-build example, not the manufacturing origin of every Gleason model.

Gleason · gear-shaping production case
Equipment manufacturer case study

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