Humanoid robotics

Components, suppliers and production behind humanoid robots.

Humanoid architecture

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ROBOTO Origin V2 · RoboPartyDrag to rotate · scroll to zoom

Perception & sensing

Images and distance measurements help the robot locate objects and navigate. Sensors can sit in the head, torso or wrists.

Cameras
Capture images; depth cameras also measure the shape and distance of nearby objects.
LiDAR
Measures distance with light to build a picture of surrounding surfaces.
Compute & control
Turns sensor observations into motion commands. Joint drives regulate the motors.

The V2 model contains no separate head or neck link. Head articulation is not represented.

How power and control connect

Asimov’s documented architecture, simplified. Select a system to inspect it.

Power
Control

The head and torso computers communicate over Ethernet. Actuator branches carry power and CAN; this schematic does not assign physical branches to controller bus numbers.

Menlo electrical system tour
About the model

Menlo Research’s Asimov 1 geometry and joint definitions. This pinned locomotion model has 23 articulated joints, including the wrists, but no hands. Menlo’s current hardware documentation describes 25 powered joints; the two neck joints are locked in the locomotion reference.

Asimov source · CERN-OHL-S-2.0 licence · Changes & attribution · Model source bundle · Component provenance · Component source bundle

Movement follows the reference joint axes and limits. Balance and ground contact are not simulated.

Market context

Global production · 2025

20,000+

Humanoid robots produced worldwide, estimated by Interact Analysis. Output was below 2,000 in 2024.

Sources

Research estimate published 11 June 2026. Production counts robots built, across their intended applications; it does not measure commercial use. The analyst’s total is separate from the individual company disclosures below.

Interact Analysis · Humanoid Robots 2026

Production concentration · 2025

Chinese manufacturers>90%
Five largest producers≈70%

Unitree and AgiBot together exceeded 11,000 units, accounting for more than half of global output.

Sources

Both shares use Interact Analysis’s 2025 global production estimate. The five largest producers were all Chinese; these groups overlap and their shares are not added together.

Interact Analysis · 11 Jun 2026

Global shipments · H1 2026

22,000+

Counterpoint estimates shipments grew nearly 300% year on year. Entertainment, performance, data collection and research still accounted for more than 60%.

Sources

Counterpoint’s August 2026 release measures shipments, separate from Interact Analysis’s 2025 production series. Its forecast of more than 50,000 shipments for full-year 2026 is forward-looking.

A separate IDC estimate, cited by AgiBot on 30 September, puts H1 shipments near 25,000. The analyst totals use separate research series and are not combined or averaged.

Counterpoint · August 2026
IDC · cited by AgiBot, 30 Sep 2026

Real-world adoption · 2025

≈10%

Share of robots produced that Interact Analysis says reached real-world applications. Most such projects remained small pilots or proofs of concept.

Sources

This is the analyst’s application classification for 2025, not a measure of autonomous working hours, profitable installations or sustained commercial use. Production growth alone does not establish deployment at scale.

Interact Analysis · 11 Jun 2026

Actuation’s share of hardware cost

40–60%

Indicative share of humanoid hardware bill of materials. Actuation includes motors, transmissions, joint assemblies and integrated sensing and drive electronics.

The split varies with robot design, production volume and whether hands are costed separately.

Sources

McKinsey reports the 40–60% range. Schaeffler provides a supplier assessment; Interact Analysis distinguishes configurations; BofA’s 51% is a 2030 hardware BOM forecast.

McKinsey · humanoid supply-chain analysis · 2026-04-17

40–60% of BOM for actuation. Hand components generally sit within actuation and sensing; separately procured hand subsystems are distinguished.

Schaeffler · Humanoids presentation, pp. 11–12 · 2026-02

Approximately 50% for rotary and linear actuators. Robot configuration and production-volume basis: unspecified.

Interact Analysis · joint-actuator research · 2025-06

Joint actuators exceed 30% of BOM in high-configuration robots with dexterous hands and advanced sensors; some basic versions exceed 50%. The estimates cover different robot configurations.

Bank of America Institute · Physical AI, part 2, p. 5 · 2026-03-12

Projected 2030 BOM: linear actuators 27% plus rotary actuators 24%, totalling 51%. Dexterous hands are a separate 19% category.

Digit 5 hardware cost

≈$150k at launch

Agility estimates launch hardware BOM at about US$150,000 per robot. Its scale targets are about US$75,000 at 1,000 robots/year and US$30,000 at 10,000 robots/year.

Both lower figures are production-volume targets, not current costs.

Sources

Agility’s 6 October 2026 investor presentation, slides 57–58. Values are approximate readings of the company’s illustrative cost curve. Production volumes are annual scenarios, and the reductions are forward-looking targets. BOM covers hardware parts, separate from selling price and operating cost.

Agility · Analyst & Investor Day 2026

Regional supply chains

Platforms

Production & scale

Production, shipments, deliveries and sales, ordered by the latest relevant disclosure.

UnitreeG1Roughly 10,000–20,000 G1 robots produced cumulativelyCumulative production · Full humanoid22 Oct 2026Company-reported

Wang Xingxing disclosed a cumulative G1 production range at the World Physical AI Conference.

Scope: Unitree’s own G1 humanoids produced cumulatively; not customer deliveries or all-model output.

AgiBot20,000 humanoid robots produced cumulativelyCumulative production · Bipedal / wheeled split undisclosed24 Sept 2026Company-reported

AgiBot describes the robot delivered to Chimelong on 24 September 2026 as its 20,000th humanoid off the production line. This is cumulative production across models; the bipedal and wheeled breakdown is not disclosed.

Scope: Cumulative humanoid production across AgiBot models; bipedal/wheeled split undisclosed

Menlo ResearchAsimov 1Commercial orders and worldwide shippingShipping status · Bipedal humanoid12 Sept 2026Company-reported

Menlo Research accepts orders for Asimov 1, states that it ships worldwide and says units are already working in laboratories and workshops.

Scope: Asimov v1 DIY Kit

Period: ships summer 2026 guidance

Lingyi iTechMore than 5,000 humanoid robots assembledProduction status · Humanoid type unspecified4 Sept 2026Company-reported

Lingyi iTech states that it has completed assembly of more than 5,000 humanoid robots.

Scope: Company-wide humanoid contract assembly

UBTECH Robotics921 full-size humanoid units sold in H1 2026Reported sales · Full-size humanoid28 Aug 2026Filing-reported

UBTECH reported 921 full-size embodied intelligent humanoid units sold in H1 2026. This is a portfolio sales measure; the filing describes both wheeled and bipedal products and does not allocate the total to individual models. Sales do not establish units produced, shipped, installed or in active operation.

Scope: All full-size embodied intelligent humanoid robot products and services

Period: six months ended June 30, 2026

Unitreeapproximately 18,000 bionic bipedal humanoids produced cumulativelyCumulative production · Humanoid type unspecified12 Aug 2026Company-reported

Unitree reported approximately 18,000 bionic bipedal humanoid robots produced and offline cumulatively. The scope explicitly excludes other humanoid types and wheeled humanoid platforms.

Scope: Unitree bionic bipedal humanoid portfolio; excludes other humanoid types and wheeled humanoid platforms

Period: through 2026-08-12

About these figures

Operations snapshot 22 Oct 2026 · Individual disclosures; figures are not added together.